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The purpose of The Evolving Voluntary Carbon Market Paper is to shed light on how the VCM is evolving. A group of IETA members have identified the issues and uncertainties that market players are experiencing due to the debate around the VCM and the ambitious role it can play. The Paper discusses a range of topics significantly impacting the market by dividing them into the following four sections:

• Section A: Corporate Net-zero Guidance and Inclusion of Offsetting

• Section B: The Relationship Between the VCM and Country Actions Under the Paris Agreement

• Section C: Consolidation or Proliferation of Crediting Approaches 

• Section D: Governance and Increasing Regulation

Carbon Contracts for Difference: Development Considerations for Canada

This White Paper aims to inform future development of domestic carbon  contracts, underscoring the necessary considerations to accommodate  Canada’s unique – but still quite disparate and complex – carbon pollution pricing landscape.

The Potential Role of Article 6 Compatible Carbon Markets in Reaching Net-Zero

The study was carried out by the International Emissions Trading Association with the help of researchers and modellers from the University of Maryland / Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. The results were reviewed in virtual workshops throughout 2021, involving experts from several governments, non-governmental organizations, academic institutions, and businesses.

The Economic Potential of Article 6 of the Paris Agreement and Implementation Challenges

The study was carried out by the International Emissions Trading Association and co-sponsored by Carbon Pricing Leadership Coalition, with the help of researchers and modellers from the University of Maryland. You can find a copy of the summary report here, and a copy of the full document here.

Inputs from Conservation International, Environmental Defense Fund,Forest Trends, International Emissions Trading Association and The Nature Conservancy regarding views on the guidance referred to in Article 6, paragraph 2 of the Paris Agreement

This is an April 2017 paper outlining the implementation of Article 6 of the Paris Agreement published jointly by IETA, the Environmental Defense Fund, Nature Conservancy, Conservation International and Forest Trends.

The paper describes how the rules for Article 6 could lead to more ambitious emission reduction policies by governments while ensuring that no double counting of emission reduction units takes place and units uphold environmental integrity principles.

IETA-EDF: Doubling Down on Carbon Pricing

The EDF-IETA report, “Doubling Down on Carbon Pricing: Laying the Foundation for Greater Ambition”, illustrates a number of possible routes for achieving the dramatic expansion of carbon pricing envisioned by the Panel. The report presents four scenarios for meeting both of the Panel’s targets, to increase carbon pricing coverage from the current level of 12% of global emissions to 25% in 2020, and doubling to 50% coverage in the next decade. The scenarios show that the Panel’s goals are ambitious, in the sense that they will require action beyond what is currently anticipated — especially to reach the 50% goal.  At the same time, the report finds that the goals are achievable, given the existence of multiple plausible scenarios to meet them.

Carbon Pricing: The Paris Agreement's Key Ingredient

The use of market mechanisms can help governments cut emissions even more than the minimum amounts offered in pledges under the Paris Agreement, according to a new report by IETA and Environmental Defense Fund.
With national leaders set to sign the Paris Agreement on 22 April and signalling their commitment to taking it forward, this new analysis highlights an important economic underpinning to its ultimate success. The paper analyses the 188 Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs) for the Paris Agreement and finds that 90 of these plans mention access to a carbon market will be needed to achieve the respective government’s goals. In several cases, the INDC specifies that a greater goal is possible, if market access and climate finance are available.

The report is available here for download.

China's National Emissions Trading System Report 2016

China's National Emissions Trading System, Implications for Carbon Markets and Trade report.

To view Jeff Swartz China National ETS paper, please click here for download.

IETA Market Provisions for the 2015 Agreement - Straw Proposal

IETA released its ‘market provisions for the Paris 2015 Climate Agreement’ policy briefing ahead of COP 20 in Lima.  

IETA’s Straw Proposal on “Market Provisions for the Paris 2015 Climate Agreement is available here for download.

A User Guide To Emissions Trading in China, September 2013


Download the pdf version of the report A User Guide To Emissions Trading in China.

This ‘User’s Guide’ to Emissions Trading in China,’ is the first attempt by IETA to take a closer look at all aspects of the pilot emissions trading systems under design and implementation in China, with a long view for the prospects of a national carbon market. We’ve provided briefings on each of the pilots in China for IETA members over the last 18 months, and this guide complements those briefings by stringing them together and understanding how they will fit into the designs of a national market and incorporate the newly-launched CCCER offset methodology.

IETA has always been a keen and active supporter of emissions trading in China. We held our first Carbon Forum Asia conference in Beijing back in 2006, and for the next 5 years we are very active voice in the growth of the CDM throughout China. In 2012, we held a workshop in Beijing where we brought +25 IETA member companies to lead discussions with Chinese companies on how emissions trading and carbon offsetting works. This workshop was the impetus for IETA to organise additional training workshops and launch in October, 2012 the “Business Partnership for Market Readiness,” or “B-PMR.”


The B-PMR got off to a strong start in 2013 with a week-long mission to the Shenzhen and Guangdong ETS pilots in China. Invited by local government leaders, the B-PMR organised a team of IETA experts from 20 companies to meet with local businesses and policymakers in southern China. We are building the B-PMR with a clear objective: to support the development of good business practices in the operation and/or design of market based instruments to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases in new jurisdictions that are developing emissions trading and carbon pricing policies. Our next Missions will take place in Seoul in September, 2013 and Shanghai in October, 2013.

This guide incorporates the information we’ve gained from the our workshop and BPMR Missions in China, and puts it together with all the publicly available official documents related to the draft rules on emissions trading in the pilots and nationally. We hope that it will continue to be a ‘living document,’ that we can update and revisit annually so that it becomes a go-to guide for anyone interested in knowing the in’s and out’s of emissions trading in China.

External Reports

International Carbon Action Partnership (ICAP) Status Report 2016

Please click here to view the ICAP 2016 Status Report.

Facilitating Linkage of Heterogeneous Regional,National, and Sub-National Climate Policies Through a Future International Agreement Harvard Project on Climate Agreements, November 2014

With the support of—and in collaboration with — The International Emissions Trading Association

Download the report here

Download the Executive Summary here

Annual Report on Shenzhen Emissions Trading Scheme First-Year Operations

A Comprehensive Analysis of Shenzhen's Cap-and-Trade Program - Year one, 2013-2014 - by the China Emissions Exchange

Download the report here

World Bank's State & Trends Report Charts Global Growth of Carbon Pricing, May 2014


  • Globally, 39 national and 23 sub-national jurisdictions have implemented or are scheduled to implement carbon pricing instruments, including emissions  trading systems and taxes.
  • The world’s emissions trading schemes are valued at about $30 billion, with China now housing the world's second largest carbon market, covering the equivalent of 1,115 million tons of carbon dioxide emissions.
  • The World Bank Group and others are encouraging countries, sub-national jurisdictions, and companies to join a growing coalition of first movers supporting carbon pricing.
Download the report here

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